Respiratory system disorders and diseases

Respiratory system disorders and diseases, Infections of the respiratory tract is much more common than infections in other organ systems, and range from regular salesma with symptoms and disorders are relatively mild to severe pneumonia.

Respiratory system disorders and diseases, Various types of infection by germs can attack the respiratory equipment, ranging from the nose to the lungs. Nasal infection caused by influenza viruses with symptoms of nasal congestion or the amount of mucus; swelling of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity can cause a blockage. If the infection extends to back ofthe nasopharynx until it can sometimes clogs the Eustachius estuary channel associated with the middle ear cavity. Have you ever had a cold sore is accompanied by interference and noise "Grebeg-Grebeg"? This means that you suffer inflammation of the nose extending to the nasopharynx and invade the base of the larynx or throat. The main symptoms are sore throat, especially on swallowing, coughing and can interfere with the vocal cords vibrate, so change the sound became hoarse.

If the attacks of bronchial infection, the diseases suffered is called bronchitis. This disease may provide symptoms of coughing accompanied by mucus .Moderate infection that attacks the lungs often caused by bacteria cocci and tuberculosis. Inflammation-pneumonia called pnemoni. Because many alveoli filled by mucus, then the patient often complains of shortness of breath. Lack of oxygen can cause the color blue in the face of the patient pnemoni childhood.

Respiratory System Disorders Asthma Disease

Respiratory System Disorders Asthma Disease, Asthma is a disease that attacks the bronchial smooth branches that have been does not have skeletons of cartilage rings, resulting in The sudden narrowing.

Respiratory System Disorders Asthma Disease, As a result people with shortness of breath, so to aid breathingthroughout the respiratory muscles function optimally. Causes of asthmais allergic or sensitive to a variety of materials such as beads juice flowers, cat dander, mold spores and so on.

At the time of asthma attack, often accompanied by the sound expression :
"ngiik, ngiiik" long, because the air is exhaled out through thea very narrow pipe. Compare if you blow the flute. with the sound is, in the area called Java asthma wheezing illness.

Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System, One characteristic of being "human" is the transportation and transportation systems contained in the body, the intent to distribute the materials required by the body and remove material that is not needed anymore.

Cardiovascular System, The food digestion process results are transported by the blood from the intestines into the body's tissues. Besides, the blood transports substances that are not needed anymore by the body. Hemoglobin (Hb) carries oxygen (O2) into the tissue cells and conversely raise the oxygen of the finger
with the cells.

Blood also still have other functions, which keep the osmosis between blood and tissue cells remained normal, keep the acid-base balance in the blood remains, regulate body temperature, and as a means "land" to attack or onslaught of disease.
Blood is the main transporter in our body. Human blood is red, but color is not fixed. Sometimes the color is dark red or pink, it depends on the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

In general, the function of blood:
a. Transporting the food from the intestines to the network. Working as the transport system of the body and deliver chemicals, oxygen and nutrients needed to function normally can run and throw Carbondioksida and waste product.
b. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) to deliver oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues and karbodioksida (CO2) from the tissues to the lungs.
c. White blood cells (leucocytes) provides plenty of protective material and because the movement of some cells fagosistosis it protects the body against bacterial attack.
d. Blood fluids (blood plasma) separates proteins needed for tissue formation, spreading through the tissue fluid because the fluid is all body cells receive the food. And a vehicle to transport the waste material to the various organs of expenditures for disposal.
F. Regulate acid-base balance of blood to avoid tissue damage due to the compound buffer (buffer) in the form of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, bicarbonate, phosphate and plasma proteins.
Proteins in blood plasma consists of:
1) Antiheolik, useful to prevent anemia
2) thromboplastin, is useful in the process of blood clotting
3) prothrombin, has an important role in blood clotting.
4) Fibrinogen, has an important role in blood clotting.
5) Albumin, useful in the maintenance of blood osmotic pressure.
6) gammaglobulin antibodies useful in the compound.
g) Transporting the metabolism of the tissues to the tools of expenditure.
h) Transporting heat energy from the active to the inactive to maintain body temperature.
j) hormones circulate throughout the body of the gland hormones.
k) distribute the enzymes throughout the body.
l) against infection with antibodies and leucocytes.

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

White Blood Cells (leukocytes), White blood cells (leucocytes) color nodes, larger ones if compared with red blood cells (erythrocytes), but there are more a little. These cells contain a nucleus is split in many and protoplasmanya grain, because it's called a bulleted cells (granulocytes).

White Blood Cells (leukocytes), Topenia granulosi deficiency called granulocytes. What is the function of white blood cells? Granulocytes and monocytes have important role body protection against germs. with ability as phagocytes (fago means I eat), they eat live bacteria that enter the blood circulation. at the time perform this function, they are called phagocytes. With the power of movement amuboidnya he can move freely in and get out vessels blood and walked around the entire body.

In this way he can:
a) the surrounding areas affected by the infection
b) Capturing live germs memborbardirnya
c) Getting rid of other materials such as dirt.

Granulocytes also have enzymes that break down proteins, which possible damage to living tissues, destroy and discard it. In this way the sick or injured tissue can be removed and healing is possible. As a result of work of the phagocytic blood cells white, inflammation can be stopped at all. If the activity is not managed properly, it can form pus. Pus contains the "corpse" from germs. Phagocytes are killed in the fight against germs that burst, called pus cells.

Circulation of Lymph Nodes

Circulation of Lymph Nodes, Lymph vessels called lymph vessels. These vessels starting from the networks that collect lymph fluid from the cells and tissues. All the lymphatic drainage from the head, neck, chest, lungs, heart, and right arm were collected in vessels of the spleen and united into the right lymphatic vessels or lymph ducts dekster. These lymph vessels empty into the veins below the right clavicle

Circulation of Lymph Nodes, All the lymph fluid collected from other parts of the lymph vessels (spleen) and united into lymph vessels or ducts toradiskus chest and empties into the veins (venous) under the left collarbone. The chest is the place empties spleen vessels or vessels kil fat, namely that collect fatty acids are absorbed from the intestine. Because of this fat, then the white lymphatic drainage. Spleen channel system is closely related to the circulatory system. The blood leaving the heart through the arteries (arterial) and returned through the veins (venous).

The composition of the spleen is similar to plasma but with a smaller protein content. Lymph glands adds lymphocytes in lymph vessels, making it a very large number of cells in the spleen channel. In the lymph vessels there are no other cells. Lymph vessels in the channel is driven by the contraction of muscles surrounding the spleen and in some channels which were aided by the movement of the valve..

Prevent Blindness with Stem Cell

Prevent Blindness with Stem Cell, A major breakthrough in the medical world will take place at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England, later this year. Namely, treatment trials with the help of visual impairment aka stem cell stem cells.

Prevent Blindness with Stem Cell, That's after last Thursday 22 September, Advanced Cell Technology, a biotechnology company from the United States who have long applied for the trial using these methods, admitted that he had given the green light. As reported by the Daily Mail yesterday, permission was granted a medical regulatory authority in the UK.

There will be 12 patients in their teens to 20s who have agreed to follow the trial. Their identity is kept secret. To be sure, the 12 people it is people with Stargardt disease, a disease that causes decreased vision loss in one's teens.

They will be operated alternately. The first patient to be operated on later this year, Advanced Cell Technology said in their official release, as quoted by the Daily Mail.

In short, the operation was done by injecting millions of embryonic stem cell that has been converted into retinal cells into the back of the eye. Operations per patient expected to last for one hour.

The main focus is on testing the safety factor, not effectiveness. However, if the trial, subsequent trials will be conducted on animals showing phenomenal results, we can be sure the lives of millions of people will be very helpful.

Therefore, any small improvement in terms of vision, will lead to someone who is experiencing vision problems can perform simple activities of daily. For example, reading.

Especially for the 12 patients who underwent trials, the Advanced Cell Technology refused to explain how likely the operation will succeed. Because, all of them already in the acute stage.

In fact, the goal of treatment through stem cells is later is to help those who are new in the early stages of visual impairment. Namely, to prevent them from experiencing total blindness.

Such treatment will also projected to help those who are blind because of diabetes. Or, the elderly residents who began to lose vision due to aging. For the latter, estimated operation can be done next year.

"If we managed to slow the loss of vision alone, it already includes tremendous progress," said James Bainbridge that this trial will lead to the Daily Mail.

Support also came from Oxford University expert eye surgery Robert McLaren. "Stem cells do have great potential to cure blindness," he said.

However, as is generally the treatment using stem cells, there is always a controversy that accompanies. "It is unacceptable for human embryos are destroyed for the sake of healing a disease," said Josephine Quintavalle, of pro-life activists from Comment on Reproductive.

10 KINDS Hereditary Diseases

10 KINDS Hereditary Diseases, The phrase we often hear when commenting on a person's behavior or trait. That is, it was his destiny. Was it destiny if viewed from science? Clearly, there are hereditary factors that could be one's destiny to experience a similar thing with his parents.

10 KINDS Hereditary Diseases, Here there are 10 conditions in humans are being "destiny" descent.

1. Alcoholism
Children with alcoholics become alcoholics are not targeted as well. But recent studies reveal that about 50 percent of children of alcoholics at risk of suffering a similar fate with his parents. $ 50

percent more will be determined by the environment. This caused a number of genes in the parents down to children, a type of gene dependency.

2. Breast Cancer
The cause is still a mystery, but scientists have found that a number of gene mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the trigger. Women who inherit mutations of this gene will develop breast cancer. While the boy would run the risk of prostate cancer.

3. Color-blind
A total of 10 million U.S. men can not distinguish red and green. Impaired vision affects more this is The Adam. Why? Receptor gene causes the color green and red are in a position close to the X chromosome

4. Violence
Horrible also if a father who likes to do violence on children will decline. Aggressive behavior of boys usually derived from his father's genes. Not only do the habits of violence, but also to antisocial behavior and like to steal. This gene liked to steal more work on women.

5.Obesitas

Obesity is not always due to the environment. Many cases where people memangvsulit restrain appetite. This is because there is a gene that makes the function of anchoring the appetite is not working properly. And these genes decreased. so do not be surprised if you find one family who all overweight.

6. Heart Disease
If you have family members suffering from diabetes or stroke, may simply be suffering from heart problems. Children of parents with heart and circulatory disorders will inherit the disease. Plus heart failure patients will also lower a similar disease.

7. Twin brothers
Want to have a twin brother? Check first if there are twins in our family. Twin case was triggered by a gene that makes a mother's release multiple eggs during the evaluation. Twin offspring are not always decreasing directly to the children, grandchildren can jump into atrau cousin.

8. Pimple
Your severe acne? Kinda hard to be cured if it is both our parents acne as well. Studies mempelihatkan many school-age children also have a history of acne breakouts on his family.

9. No Doyan Milk
There are some people who can not drink animal milk with a lactose content of the substance. Indeed, their bodies unable to tolerate lactose at all. For infants, soy milk is typically provided with a low lactose content. Such conditions also are decreased in family members.

10. Baldness
While baldness is considered normal in men, it turns out it was also triggered by descent. There are genes inherited by one party or both parents who cause the children also suffer from baldness. There are also people who suffer from permanent hair loss, which certainly also caused by one type of gene.

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HISTORY OF WORLD AIDS DAY DECEMBER 1

HISTORY OF WORLD AIDS DAY DECEMBER 1, World AIDS Day was first initiated in August 1987 by James W. Bunn and Thomas Netter, two public information officer for the Global AIDS Program in the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Bunn and Netter convey their ideas to Dr. Jonathan Mann, director of the Global AIDS Program (now known as UNAIDS). Dr. Mann liked the concept, agreed, and agreed with the recommendation that the first anniversary of World AIDS Day will be held on December 1, 1988.

HISTORY OF WORLD AIDS DAY DECEMBER 1, Bunn suggested date of December 1 to ensure coverage by the western news media, something he believes is crucial to the success of World AIDS Day. He felt that because 1988 was an election year in the United States, publishing media coverage will be exhausted by their post-election and eager to find new stories for their cover. Bunn and Netter feel that the December 1 following the election long enough and close enough to the Christmas holidays so that, in essence, that date is the date of death in the news calendar and thus the right time for World AIDS Day.

Bunn, who previously worked as a reporter who covered the epidemic to the PIX-TV in San Francisco, together with producers, Nansy Saslow, well conceived and initiated "AIDS Lifeline" ("Life Tali AIDS") - a public awareness campaign and education health that was syndicated to television stations in the U.S.. "AIDS Lifeline" acquire Peabody Award, a local Emmy, and the first National Emmy ever awarded to a local station in the U.S..

On June 18, 1986, a project "AIDS Lifeline" was awarded the "Presidential Citation for Private Sector Initiatives", which was presented by President Ronald Reagan. Bunn was then asked by Dr. Mann, on behalf of the U.S. government, to take leave of two years of reporting tasks to join Dr. Mann (a epidemolog for the Center for Disease Control) and help to create the Global AIDS Program. Bunn received it and was appointed the first Public Information Officer for the Global AIDS Pgoram. Together with Netter, he was creating, designing, and implementing the first Sednia AIDS Day commemoration - is now awareness and disease prevention initiative that lasted the longest of its kind in the history of public health.)

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) began work in 1996, and took over the planning and promotion of World AIDS Day. Instead of focusing on a single day, creating UNAIDS World AIDS Campaign in 1997 for communication, prevention and education throughout the year.

In the first two years, the theme of World AIDS Day focuses on children and young people. These themes dikiritk sharp moment because it ignores the fact that people of any age can become infected with HIV and AIDS. But this theme draw attention to the epidemic of HIV / AIDS, to help lift the stigma surrounding the disease, and help to increase recognition of the problem as a family disease.

In 2004, World AIDS Campaign became an independent organization.

Since its establishment until 2004, UNAIDS leads the World AIDS Day campaign, choosing annual themes in consultation with organizations of other global health.

Since 2008, World AIDS Day theme selected by the Steering Committee of the Global Campaign for World AIDS Day after extensive consultation with many parties, organizations and government agencies involved in prevention and treatment of victims of HIV / AIDS. For each World AIDS Day from 2005 to 2010, the theme is "Stop AIDS, Keep the Promise", with an annual sub-themes. [3] The theme of this umbrella is designed to encourage political leaders to hold their commitment to produce the world's access to prevention, care, maintenance, and support for the victims of disease and HIV / AIDS by 2010.

Social Psychology of people with HIV/Aids

Social Psychology of people with HIV/Aids, Since the discovery of AIDS (Acquired immuno Deficiency Syndrome), and the virus that causes HIV (Human Imunodeficiency virus), appears so broad impact on society. When individuals otherwise infected with HIV, most of the shows characters psychosocial changes are: living in stress, depression, feeling a lack of social support, and behavioral changes Wolcott, et al (in the Ader, 1991) suggests that HIV-AIDS sufferers face situations where their lives often face their own condition without the support of friends and family who make an impact anxiety, depression, guilt and suicidal thoughts or behavior.

Social Psychology of people with HIV/Aids, Lack of family support have an impact on social responses (emotional) of these patients. Social responses (emotional) that can positively support the treatment process so that at least can be inhibited disease progression and life expectancy of HIV-AIDS patients is longer. But the influence of family support terhadapn social responses - emotional in patients with HIV and AIDS remains unclear.

For individuals who are HIV positive, living her life will be difficult because of the physical aspect that individual will experience changes associated with disease progression, emotional stress and psychological stress experienced due ostracized by family and friends for fear of contracting, as well as the social stigma and discrimination in the community. This has an impact on social responses (emotional) patients, as an example of the social stigma that can cause interference in other people's behavior, including avoidance of physical contact and social (Muma, 1997). They live their lives in fear danstress.

By using Psychoneuroimunology approach can be explained that the stress experienced by patients with HIV-AIDS will modulate the immune system through the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis and the limbic system (which regulates emotion and learning process).

Stressful conditions will stimulate the hypothalamus to release neuropeptides that will activate the ANS (Autonomic Nerve System) and hypofise to issue corticosteroids and catecholamines which are hormones that react to stressful conditions. Elevated levels of glucocorticoids would interfere with the immune system. If the condition of stress can be controlled then the modulation of the immune system become better. Long and prolonged stress will impact on the immune system and accelerate the progression of the disease.

By looking at the relationship between stress conditions the disease progresses the need for creating a conducive environment during the treatment process that is by increasing social support in HIV-AIDS.

Social support can be very helpful after experiencing stress and it is important to reduce the psychological disorders associated with HIV-AIDS. Availability of social support that is necessary in connection with a sense of despair and depression patients. And hopefully with the support of family stress is reduced and social responses (emotional) patients would be better, where the emotional response, anxiety and social interaction becomes more positive.

Psychological impact of HIV AIDS

Psychological impact of HIV AIDS, AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a syndrome with symptoms of opportunistic infections or certain cancers as a result of the immune system by HIV infection (Human Immunodeficiecy syndrome) which eventually will bring death in the end.

Psychological impact of HIV AIDS, In general, people do not know enough about the understanding of HIV / AIDS. Knowledge of the various factors that cause the disease of HIV / AIDS for example, people are generally less well know in detail. The public only knew the cause of the disease of HIV / AIDS, which originated from an aberrant sexual behavior.

Vocabulary or terms that people used to refer to sexual behavior is "like snack", "got saved", and sesame relationship types. Meanwhile there is also a mneyebut derived from the syringe (which is contaminated with HIV virus), and the other contracting calls from mothers who are pregnant. Theoretically there are many groups at risk for HIV / AIDS as people who work in places of entertainment, hotels, karaoke, people who often travel far, and so be among the living in localization.

Approximately 75-90% of AIDS patients had brain pathology with various neuropsychiatric syndrome, in 10% of patients with HIV infection, neuropsychiatric complications are the main symptoms. In patients with HIV infection and AIDS can be found classic psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, psychosis and others. In addition there are also the psychosocial impact can be found in patients with HIV / AIDS.

When a person is notified that testing HIV-positive, they were confronted on the fact that they were dealing with a terminal condition. This fact will bring up feelings of shock, denial, disbelief, depression, loneliness, a sense of hopelessness, sadness, anger, and fear. This can lead to anxiety and depression.

During the early years in which the symptoms have not appeared, the stress will be reduced. However, with the passage of time in which the immune function decline and start there were signs associated with HIV such as skin rashes, weight loss, shortness of breath, and so forth, anxiety and depression can arise again. Probably accompanied the idea of ​​suicide, sleep disturbances, and so on.

Patients with HIV / AIDS have special needs that need to be considered by setting goals of therapy as follows:

Help patients maintain control of his life and help them find a healthy defense mechanism, including the always positive attitude in facing so many challenges and stress in the course of their illness.

Help patients confront feelings of guilt, denial, panic, and despair.

Working with patients to create a feeling of self-respect (self respect) and resolve their conflicts, if any (eg homosexuality, drug use, and so on).

Help them communicate with family, spouse and friends about their illness and the fear of rejection and abandonment. Also help them build a satisfying interpersonal relationships.

Help them build a strategy for dealing with real crises that may occur, both in health and socioeconomic, and things in life.

Characteristics of brain cancer

characteristics of brain cancer, Before you understand more about the symptoms of brain cancer, you need to understand the structure of the human brain first. The brain is an important organ that regulates all the activities / movements of the human body. Just imagine you're on a motorcycle, how many activities you do? Looking at the road, driving, look left-right, look in the mirror, balance, not to mention while thinkers about what to eat tonight ... In one second, there riburan things happen in your brain (both of which occur consciously or unconsciously).

characteristics of brain cancer, The brain can be multitasking like this because all activities are governed by different brain parts (each part has different functions). In general, the human brain is divided into three parts, namely a large brain (cerebrum), cerebellum (cerebellum) and brain stem (brain stem). Each part is divided again into smaller sections, where each small part is divided again, and so on. Interstellar space is filled with the liquid part of the brain (cerebrospinal fluid), while the exterior is protected by three layers of the lining of the brain (meninges) and bone of the skull.

Every part of the brain can be affected by the tumor / cancer. Although benign tumors, but because of the growth in the brain, can be very dangerous. The tumor may interfere with the function and structure of the central nervous system damage, because it is located inside the cavity is limited (cranial cavity). Along with the development of these tumors, brain tissue will be more depressed. Whereas the volume of cranial cavity is very limited and unlikely to grow. This is what makes the headaches / dizziness as an initial symptom of brain cancer.

Baseline characteristics of brain cancer vary widely, depending on which part of the brain affected. For example headache or feel nauseated. Here are the symptoms of brain cancer that you should be aware of:

headache accompanied by nausea to vomiting spray
reduced visibility
impairment of consciousness or behavioral changes
speech disturbances
hearing loss
impaired walking / balance of the body
nerves
weakened limbs or seizures
in infants are usually large protruding crown

The list above is only a symptom. Even if you experience one or more of the above symptoms, not necessarily your brain cancer. To make sure, you should be examined immediately by a physician neurologist and undergo further investigation such as CT scans, MRI, angiogram, myelogram, spinal tap and biopsy.