Influenza Vaccination

Influenza Vaccination, The influenza vaccine is made each year based on WHO recommendations on the strains expected to be dominant in the coming winter hemisphere is concerned, this estimate is based global influenza surveillance followed by more than 100 laboratories around the world.

Influenza Vaccination, For the northern hemisphere, these recommendations are issued each February in anticipation of the winter end of the year. At present, since the last few years, the WHO recommends two strains of influenza virus subtype A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) and one strain of type B to be made into vaccines. Virus grown in chicken eggs, therefore it is not recommended for people with egg allergies. Influenza vaccine in the form of vaccines mati.1, 6

Configuring the vaccine antigen change every year, the vaccine is based on the prevalent strains (isolated in the previous year). There are several kinds of influenza vaccines:

1.Whole virion vaccine (from the intact virus): using whole virus particles

and have good immunogenicity, but more side effects.

2.Split virus vaccine (still contain RNA and protein M): good immunogenicity and fewer adverse effects.

3.Virus subunit vaccine (only HA and NA): few side effects, less immunogenic.

Marketed in Indonesia has been split virus vaccine because of high immunogenicity and side effects rendah.6, 10

This type of virus used in the world that A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and type B, the composition of the vaccine tailored to the characteristics of the strains that often occur, according to the report data collected by WHO.

Vaccine dose for adults is given 0.5 ml intra-muscular in the deltoid region. Because of the potential impact of influenza vaccine to health is high enough, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) recommends the use of influenza vaccine, especially pada11:

- Age above 65 years
- Patients with chronic illness in nursing homes or parlors with

chronic disease conditions.
- Children and adults with cardiovascular disorders or lung.
- Adults who require regular treatment or hospitalization due to

chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disorders, blood disorders
(Hemoglobinopathy), received immunosuppressant therapy, or HIV.
- Children and adolescents receiving long-term aspirin therapy and
have a risk of the syndrome.
- Pregnant women in second and third trimester influenza season.

Vaccination can reduce the morbidity of 35-60% of elderly who should enter the hospital and lower mortality by 35-80% of patients who were treated at home sakit.1, 6

Wilde JA et al, observed in 264 healthcare workers healthy people who get influenza vaccination during the winter of 92-93 years to 94-95. Obtained 88% vaccine efficacy for influenza A and influenza B 89%, was the cumulative number of fever accompanied by respiratory tract infection 28.7% in the vaccinated group, compared to 40.6% control group. Declining attendance figures, in the vaccination of 9.9% compared to the control group 21.1%. Concluded that influenza vaccine was having a fairly high effectiveness, thus supporting the data to be vaccinated berkala.11

Prevention of morbidity 12:
- Community workers (firefighters, police)
- People who are much exposed to influenza virus (school students, boarders, home care, including medical personnel)
- People who travel (tourists)
- Anyone who wants to reduce the risk of getting influenza.

Stem cells from mice

Stem cells from mice, The team of Japanese scientists have produced the sperm derived from stem cells of mice. Experiment could be a breakthrough for treating humans who experience infertility.

Stem cells from mice, Researchers at Kyoto University said that they managed to induce stem cells to create a pioneering sperm mice are transplanted into infertile male mice.

The mice then produced sperm that successfully used to fertilize eggs in a tube, known as IVF medical technology. Similarly, as quoted by the Straits Times, Sunday, 7 August 2011.

A paper published last week in the journal Cell academic said the resulting offspring through sperm will be healthy and fertile.

Mitinori Saitou, lead researcher also stated that their success can help develop a treatment of infertility in humans.

Meanwhile, outside experts are adding this group is the first step towards the treatment of infertility, although the use of the specifics are still far away.

Researchers in Japan using embryonic stem cells to develop a healthy mouse sperm that is expected in the future could help treat infertility in humans.

These findings, published in the journal Cell, marks a step forward to making use of stem cell regenerative medicine.

Stem cells are the main cells of the body and is the source of all the cells and fibers of the body. These cells can develop into various cell types and continued to proliferate.

Experts hope to use stem cells to treat various diseases and disorders such as cancer and diabetes.

scientists at Kyoto University, Japan move stem cells from mouse embryos and succeeded in turning it into early type of cells developed into the ovaries or sperm of rats.

These scientists then transplanting these cells into infertile mouse testis, which could then produce healthy sperm.

"Sperm is later removed from the testes and ovaries fertilized with (on a laboratory dish)," said senior researcher, Mitinori Saitou.

"After the insemination, we made two sets of embryos and then transferred to the uterus (womb) parent mice that gave birth to children of healthy mice with normal reproduction," says Saitou, who is an expert in anatomy and cell biology.

Used for human
Having successfully tested on mice, whether these findings could be useful to overcome the problem of human infertility?

Research has shown that scientists could use the cells that had been prepared to thrive in the sperm or ovaries.

"Now we have a lot of material to work. We can accelerate this research to the stage of studying the causes of human infertility," Saitou said.

Saitou-led team of scientists believe the same system can be done using human stem cells to generate healthy human sperm.

"We can use this knowledge to study human cells," he said.

He added that more research needs to be done because of the large differences between animal and human research.

Currently, Saitou said, the research team tried to produce ovaries mice using stem cells.

Definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Snoring is the sound vibrations that arise during sleep produced especially time breathing and is caused by the vibration of the soft palate (palate mole) and the pillars which restrict cavity oropharynx (the middle of the pharynx). Snoring indicates obstruction (blockage) in the partial upper airway, which is derived from the business channel the air to pass through the narrowed or blocked.

Definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Snoring can be a symptom of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) or cessation of breathing during sleep, so it can be life threatening. OSA was defined as cessation of respiratory airflow for 10 seconds-45 seconds, caused by airway obstruction. OSA is characterized by the collapse of the system & upper airway obstruction that occurred during sleep. Episodes of recurrent obstruction associated with a decrease in oxyhemoglobin saturation and Microarrousal - fragmented sleep.

Snoring and OSA encountered in adult men, adult women and children. Based on the results of studies in Indonesia, the comparison with Snoring and OSA men and women is 7: 1. The prevalence of OSA patients in the USA, for ages above 40 years was 45% men and 10-15% are women, while for ages under 40 years is 60% men, 40% women.


Pathophysiology of sleep normal
Normally occur during sleep:

Decreased pharyngeal muscle tone
Air channels narrows
Increased breathing resistance - the inspiration pressure must be increased - increased breathing effort - an increase of negative pressure intratorakal

Pathophysiology of OSA
If negative pressure is greater than intratorakal abduktor muscular strength and pharyngeal dilator:

collapse the airway is not rigid: the pharynx, and hypopharynx velofaring
occurs snoring (vibration of airway collapse)
partial or total obstruction (no air can pass through the respiratory collapse) - hipopnea & apnea.

As a result of OSA

Sleep disorders
Sleepy during the day
Morning headaches
Irritability, weakness
Work productivity is declining
Could an accident
Memory decline
Intellectual ability decreases
Sexual Problems
Depression

Know Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Know Leukemia (Blood Cancer)
Leukemia
What is Leukemia?
Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues. All cancers begin in cells that make blood and other tissues. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells the body needs. When cells grow old, the cells will die and new cells take their place.

Know Leukemia (Blood Cancer), But, sometimes this orderly process goes wrong, New cells form when the body does not need it, and old cells do not die like they should. This discrepancy is called leukemia, in which the bone marrow produces white blood cells are abnormal cells eventually urged other.

What Causes It?
Doctors can not always explain why one person develops leukemia, while others avoid the disease. However, we know that people with certain risk factors are more likely to develop leukemia.

The study found that people who are exposed to very high radiation and industrial chemicals (such as benzene and formaldehyde) are at greater risk of leukemia.

In addition, patients treated with drugs anti-cancer (such as alkylating substances) are sometimes exposed to leukemia a few years. And patients exposed to the virus human T-cell leukemia (HTLV-I/Human T-cell leukemia virus-I) are also susceptible to this disease. Other risk factors include people with certain genetic (eg Down syndrome) or certain blood disorders (such as myelodysplastic syndrome).

Symptom
Like all blood cells, leukemia cells flowing through the body. Depending on the number of abnormal cells and where these cells collect, patients with leukemia have a number of common symptoms include:

Fever or night sweats
Frequent infections
Feeling weak or tired
Headache
Easy bleeding and bruising (bleeding gums, purplish patches on the skin, or tiny red spots under the skin)
Pain in the bones or joints
Swelling or discomfort in the abdomen (from an enlarged spleen)
Swelling, especially in the neck or armpit
Weight loss
Diagnosis

If you have a symptom or screening result that leads to leukemia, the doctor must find out whether it originates from cancer or from other health conditions. You will be asked to undergo blood tests and diagnostic procedures:

Physical examination - the doctor will check for swelling in the lymph nodes, spleen, spleen and liver.

Blood tests - laboratory will examine the number of blood cells. Leukemia causes the number of white blood cells increased very high, and platelet count and hemoglobin in red blood cells decreases. Laboratory tests will also examine whether there is blood for signs of abnormalities in the liver and / or kidneys.

Biopsy - the doctor will remove bone marrow from the hipbone or another large bone. Pathologist will then examine the samples under a microscope to look for cancer cells. This is called a biopsy, which is the best way to find out whether there are leukemia cells in bone marrow.

Cytogenetics - laboratory will examine the chromosomes of cells from samples of peripheral blood, bone marrow, or lymph nodes.

Processus spinosus - using a long thin needle, the doctor will slowly take the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that fills the spaces in the brain and spinal cord). This procedure lasts about 30 minutes and is performed with local anesthesia. The patient must lie flat for several hours afterward to keep from getting a headache. The lab checks the fluid if there are leukemia cells or other signs of disease.

X-ray of the chest - X-rays can reveal signs of disease in the chest.

What treatment is offered?
Chemotherapy
Most patients with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. This type of cancer treatment uses drugs to kill leukemia cells. Depending on the type of leukemia, patients can get a single drug or combination of two or more drugs.

People with leukemia may receive chemotherapy in a variety of ways:

Orally
By injection directly into veins (or intravenous)
Through a catheter (small flexible tube) is placed inside a large vein, often in the upper chest - The nurse will inject the drug into the catheter, to avoid multiple injections. This will reduce discomfort and / or injury to the vein / skin.
By injection directly into the cerebrospinal fluid - if the pathologist finds leukemia cells in the fluid that fills the spaces in the brain and spinal cord, the doctor may order intrathecal chemotherapy. The doctor injects drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. This method is used because drugs given by IV injection or by mouth often do not reach cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Biological Therapy

People with certain types of leukemia have biological therapy to boost the body's natural resistance against cancer. The therapy is administered by injection in a vein.

For patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of biological therapy used is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the leukemia cells. This therapy enables the immune system to kill leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. For patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, biological therapy used is a natural substance called interferon to slow the growth of leukemia cells.

Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy rays to kill leukemia cells. For most patients, a large machine directs radiation at the spleen, brain, or other parts of the body where leukemia cells stacked it. Some patients receive radiation that is directed to the whole body. (Total-body irradiation usually is given before a bone marrow transplant.)

Transplantation of Stem Cells (Stem Cell)
Some leukemia patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (stem cell). Stem cell transplantation allows patients treated with high doses of drugs, radiation, or both. The high doses destroy both leukemia cells of normal blood cells in the bone marrow. Then, the patient receives stem cells (stem cells) are healthy through a flexible tube placed in a large vein in the neck or chest area. Cells to grow new blood from stem cells (stem cell) transplantation outcome of this.

After stem cell transplantation (stem cell), patients usually stay in the hospital for several weeks. Health care team protects patients from infection until the stem cells (stem cell) transplant outcomes begin producing white blood cells in adequate amounts.

What kind of support is available?
CanHOPE is a supporter of the initiative ParkwayHealth team along with multi-disciplinary team of doctors that seek holistic approach to cancer care at no extra cost. The advisory running cancer counseling service through a hotline and email to provide emotional support and psycho-social to all patients and caregivers to assist them to cope effectively with cancer. Intersection face counseling services can also be arranged.

Patients, health professionals & general public can also get the latest cancer information, its related screening tests, treatment and referral to appropriate cancer services, resources for further rehabilitation and support services, advice about side effects of cancer treatment, coping strategies of cancer, the pattern eating and nutrition.

Definition of Hypothermia

Definition of Hypothermia, Too long cold, especially in windy and rainy weather, can cause the heating mechanism of the body impaired, causing chronic disease. Hypothermia is a condition where the body was very cold.

Definition of Hypothermia, After the surface of the body's heat is lost there will be a cooling in tissues and organs in the body. Cold, which for too long can cause the body frozen, can constrict blood vessels and cut off the flow of blood to the ear, nose, fingers and toes.

In severe conditions the victim may suffer from gangrene (kemuyuh) and need to be amputated. Cool air is damp with the wind blowing hard, often found the climbers when climbing the mountain. Not infrequently the storms and heavy rains accompanying the cold.

Often make clear night air gets colder and dewy. At the peak of the dry season just around the mountain peaks often arise ice crystals that stick to the leaves and flower edelweiss.

Wet clothes, wet socks increased the chill of the body. The situation will get worse if the climbers do not pay attention to the food so the body does not get the energy to heat the body.

The cold air makes flatulence often so reluctant to eat, unless it runs out of food. Hypothermia is a condition in which we experience penurunanan body core temperature (the temperature of internal organs). Hypothermia can cause swelling throughout the body (Generalized edema), the disappearance of the body's reflexes (areflexia), coma, pupil reaction to the disappearance of the eye. Known severe hypothermia when the body temperature <320C.

To measure the body temperature thermometer measures needed on hypothermia low (low reading thermometer) to 250C. Besides as a symptom, hypothermia can be an early disease that ended in death.

Tips for Asthma sufferers

Tips for Asthma sufferers, Bronchial asthma is a disease caused by increased responsiveness of the airways, to various stimuli are characterized by a narrowing of the airways accompanied by an excessive discharge of mucus from glands in the walls of the airways, causing symptoms of coughing, wheezing and tightness. Airway constriction can recover and return to normal spontaneously with or without medication.

Tips for Asthma sufferers, Asthma can not be cured, but can be controlled. Thus, people with asthma will not show symptoms, able to work or play without constrained. Obatpun usage can be minimized, never heavy attack, and no abnormalities.

The onset of asthma symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath can be caused by factors that are not specific, such as cold air, pollution, air pressure changes, psychological factors and fatigue.

Regardless of the basis of symptom onset is the narrowing of the airways (bronchi), the surface of airway swelling (edema bronchus) and excesses mucus production (hypersecretion).

Asthma symptoms are shortness of breath and recurrent cough. To determine the severity of asthma attacks, it is also important to pay attention to how often, long and how great the attack. And how long the child is free of attacks.

As for knowing the cause, note the time or the activities of the child prior to the attack. Think, for example air, cigarettes, food / beverage, dust, physical activity, infections, drugs and so forth. There should also be records, so we get a clear picture of penyebabnya.Di in the family, usually have a history of asthma or allergies.

no treatment with drugs
1. Penyaktinya education on patient about his illness so he can respond properly;
2. Avoiding the cause / trigger an attack (an allergen), and the control environment;
3. Relaxation exercises, control over emotions and do gymnastics or sports that are useful to strengthen the respiratory muscles, like swimming;
4. Physiotherapy, making the mucus easier exit.

using drugs
1. Pelonggar breath, such as salbutamol, aminophylline
2. Preserver, such as prednisone, etc. dexametason.
3. Mucus thinners, such as bromhexin, ambroxol etc..